Go back to exam-essay page.
 
 
 

Bibliography for exam #1, 

“The Culture Area, South India” 
 
 

Aiyappan, A.  1992.  The Paniyas: An Ex-slave Tribe of South India.  Calcutta: Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology. 

Appadurai, Arjun.  1981.  Worship and Conflict Under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Appadurai, Arjun.  1986.  “Is Homo Hierarchicus?”  American Ethnologist 13: 745-61.

Appadurai, Arjun.  1988.  “Putting Hierarchy in its Place.”  Cultural Anthropology, pp. 36-49.

Appadurai, Arjun.  1990.  “Topographies of the Self: Praise and Emotion in Hindu India.”  In Language and the Politics of Emotion, eds. Catherine Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aravaanan, K. P.  1977.  The Serpent Cult in Africa and Dravidian India.  Madras: Paari Nilayam.

Aravaanan, K. P.  1988.  The Serpent Cult.  Madras: Ainthinai Pathipagam.

Babb, Lawrence.  1981.  "Glancing: Visual Interaction in Hinduism."  Journal of Anthropological Research 37: 387-401. 

Barnett, Marguerite Ross.  1976.  The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India.  Princeton: Princeton U. Press. 

Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore.  1981.  The Message Bearers: Nationalist Politics and the Entertainment Media in South India, 1880-1945.  Madras: Cre-A.

Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore.  1996.  The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema.  Madras: East West Books. 

Beck, Brenda.  1972.  Peasant Society in Konku: A Study of Right and Left Subcastes in South India.  Vancouver, U. of British Columbia Press. 

Beck, Brenda.  1972.  “The Study of a Tamil Epic: Several Versions of ‘Silappadikaram’ Compared.”  Journal of Tamil Studies (Sept.): 23-38. 

Beck, Brenda.  1974.  “The Kin Nucleus in Tamil Folklore.”  In Kinship and History in South Asia, Thomas Trautmann, ed., Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan, pp. 1-27. 

Beck, Brenda.  1976.  “The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu."  Contributions to Indian Sociliology 10(2): 213-43. 

Beck, Brenda.  1982.  The Three Twins: The Telling of a South Indian Folk Epic.  Bloomington: Indiana U. Press.

Beck, Brenda.  1989.  “Core Triangles in the Folk Epics of India."  In Oral Epics in India, Stuart Blackburn, Peter Claus, Joyce Flueckiger and Susan Wadley, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 155-175. 

Binod, Chandra Sinha.  1978.  Serpent Worship in Ancient India.  New Delhi: Books Today.

Blackburn, Stuart.  1976.  “Folksongs from a Kallar Nadu.”  Folklore 192: 1-12, and 193: 37-42.

Blackburn, Stuart.  1978.  “The Folk Hero and Class Interests in Tamil Heroic Ballads.”  Asian Folklore Studies 37(1): 131-49. 

Blackburn, Stuart.  1980.  Performance as Paradigm: The Tamil Bow Song Tradition.  Dissertation, U. of California, Berkeley.

Blackburn, Stuart.  1988.  Singing of Birth and Death: Texts in Performance.  Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press.

Blackburn, Stuart, and A. K. Ramanujan, eds.  1986.  Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India.  Berkeley: U. of California Press.

Blackburn, Stuart, Peter Claus, Joyce Flueckiger, and Susan Wadley, eds.  1989.  Oral Epics in India.  Berkeley: U. of California Press.

Boddy, Janice.  1994.  “Spirit Possession Revisited: Beyond Instrumentality.”  Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 407-434.

Brubaker, Richard.  1978.  The Ambivalent Mistress: A Study of South Indian Village Goddesses and Their Religious Meanings.  Dissertation, U. of Chicago. 

Caldwell, Robert.  1856.  A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages.  London: Harrison. 

Caldwell, Sarah.  1995.  Oh Terrifying Mother: The Mudiyettu Ritual Drama of Kerala, South India.  Dissertation, U. of California, Berkeley.

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Lucas, and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza.  1995.  The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution.  Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Choondal, Chummar.  1978.  “The Kannagi Legend in Kerala Folklore.”  Folklore 19(7) (July): 188-201.

Claus, Peter.  1986.  “Playing Cenne: The Meaning of a Folk Game.”  In Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India, S. Blackburn and A. K. Ramanujan, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 265-293.

Clothey, Fred.  1978.  The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God.  The Hague: Mouton. 

Craddock, Norma.  1994.  Anthills, Split Mothers, and Sacrifice: Conceptions of Female Power in the Mariyamman Tradition.  Dissertation, U. of California, Berkeley.

Daniel, E. Valentine.  1984.  Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way.  Berkeley: U. of California Press. 

Daniel, S. B.  1980.  “Marriage in Tamil Culture: The Problem of Conflicting ‘Models.’”  In The Powers of Tamil Women, Susan Wadley, ed., Syracuse, N. Y.: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.

Danielou, Alain, trans.  1965.  Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) By Prince Ilango Adigal.  New York: New Directions.

de Bruin, Hanne M.  1998.  “Studying Performance in South India: A Synthesis of Theories."  South Asia Research 18(2): 12-38. 

de Bruin, Hanne M.  1999.  Kattaikkuttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theater Tradition.  Egbert Forsten: Groningen.

Diamond, Sarah.  1999.  Karagattam: Performance and the Politics of Desire in Tamil Nadu, India.  Dissertation.  U. of Pennsylvania. 

Dickey, Sara.  1993.  Cinema and the Urban Poor in South India.  Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press. 

Dumont, Louis.  1980 (1967).  Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications.  Mark Sainsbury, Louis Dumont, and Basia Gulati, trans., Chicago : U. of Chicago Press.

Dumont, Louis.  1986 (1957).  A South Indian Subcaste: Social Organization and Religion of the Pramalai Kallar.  Translated from the French, edited with an introduction by Michael Moffatt.  Oxford: Oxford U. Press. 

Elmore, W. T.  1984 (1913).  Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism.  New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 

Emeneau, Murray B.  1944-6.  Kota Texts, four volumes.  Berkeley: U. of California Press. 

Emeneau, Murray.  1956.  “India as a Linguistic Area.”  Language 32: 3-16.

Emeneau, Murray.  1989.  “The Languages of the Nilgiris.”  In Blue Mountains: The Ethnography and Bio-geography of a South Indian Region, Paul Hockings, ed., Delhi: Oxford U. Press, pp. 133-43. 

Emeneau, Murray.  1997.  “Linguistics and Botany in the Nilgiris.”  In Blue Mountains Revisited: Cultural Studies on the Nilgiri Hills, Paul Hockings, ed., Delhi:  Oxford U. Press, pp. 74-105. 

Falk, Nancy.  1973.  “Wilderness and Kingship in Ancient South India.”  History of Religions 13: 1-15. 

Fines, R. C. C.  1993.  “Isis and Pattini: The Transmission of a Religious Idea from Roman Egypt to India.”  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (Nov.): 377-91. 

Frasca, Richard.  1990.  The Theater of the Mahabharata: Terukkuttu Performances in South India.  Honolulu: U. of Hawaii Press.

Fuller, Christopher.  1984.  Servants of the Goddess: The Priests of a South Indian Temple.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fuller, Christopher.  1992.  The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gardner, Peter.  1966.  “Symmetric Respect and Memorate Knowledge: The Structure and Ecology of Individualistic Culture.”  Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22 (Winter): 389-415. 

Ghosh, Amitav.  1989.  “The Diaspora in Indian Culture.”  Public Culture 2(1) (fall): 73-8.

Good, Anthony.  1983.  “A Symbolic Type an its Transformations: The Case of South Indian Ponkal."  Contributions to Indian Sociology 17: 223-44 

Gough, Kathleen.  1952.  “Changing Kinship Usages in the Setting of Political and Economic Change Among the Nayars of Malabar.”  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 82:71-87.

Gough, Kathleen.  1955.  “Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast.”  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85: 45-80.

Gough, Kathleen.  1959.  “The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage.”  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89: 23-34.

Gough, Kathleen.  1960.  “Caste in a Tanjore Village.”  In Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and Northwest Pakistan, E. R. Leach, ed., Cambridge: 
Cambridge U. Press.

Gough, Kathleen.  1961.  “Nayars of Central Kerala.”  In Matrilineal Kinship (First Edition), D. Schneider and K. Gough, eds., Berkeley:  U. of California Press.

Gough, Kathleen.  1965.  “A Note on Nayar Marriage.”  Man 65: 8-11.

Gough, Kathleen.  1973.  “Kinship and Marriage in Southwest India.”  Contributions to Indian Sociology 7:104-34.

Gough, Kathleen.  1974.  “The Modern Disintegration of Matrilineal Descent Groups.”  In Matrilineal Kinship (Second Edition), D. Schneider and K. Gough, eds., Berkeley:  U. of California Press, pp. 632-52.

Gough, Kathleen.  1978.  Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production.  New Delhi: Indian Council of Social Science Research.

Gough, Kathleen.  1981.  Rural Society in Southeast India.  Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press.

Gough, Kathleen.  1989.  Rural Change in Southeast India.  Delhi: Oxford U. Press.

Gould, Harold.  1987.  “Priest and Counterpriests: A Structural Analysis of Jajmani Relationships in the Hindu Plains and the Nilgiri hills.”  In The Hindu Caste System: A Sacralization of a Social Order.  Delhi: Chanakya Publications.  (Reprinted from Contributions to Indian Sociology 1(1967): 28-57.) 

Gover, Charles.  1983 (1871).  Folk-songs of Southern India.  Madras: The South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society. 

Greene, Paul.  1997.  Cassettes in Culture: Emotion, Politics, and Performance in Tamil Nadu.  Dissertation.  U. of Pennsylvania. 

Greene, Paul.  1998.  “Film Music: Southern Area [India].”  In The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Bruno Nettl and Ruth M. Stone (advisory eds.), James Porter and Timothy Rice (founding eds.), New York: Garland Pub., pp. 542-6.

Greene, Paul.  1998.  “Pop Music and Audio-cassette Technology: Southern Area [India].”  In The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, pp. 554-9.

Greene, Paul. 1999. “Sound Engineering in a Tamil Village: Playing Audio Cassettes as Devotional Performance.”  Ethnomusicology  43(3): 459-89. 

Greene, Paul.  1999.  “Professional Weeping: Music, Affect, and Hierarchy in a South Indian Folk Performance Art.”  Ethnomusicology OnLine 5.  http://www.research.umbc.edu/eol/5/greene/

Greene, Paul.  2001.  “Authoring the Folk: The Crafting of a Rural Popular Music in South India.”  Journal of Intercultural Studies 22(2).  In press.

Hall, Richard.  1996.  Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders.  London: HarperCollins.

Handoo, Jawaharlal.  1988.  “South Indian Folklore Studies: Growth and Development.”  In Folklore of India: Commonness and Comparisons, K. Karunakaran and Jawaharlal Handoo, eds., Coimbatore: Bharathiar U. Press, pp. 159-201. 

Hardgrave Jr., Robert.  1965.  The Dravidian Movement.  Bombay, Popular Prakashan. 

Hardgrave Jr., Robert.  1969.  The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change.  Berkeley, U. of California Press. 

Hardgrave Jr., Robert.  1979.  Essays in the Political Sociology of South India.  New Delhi: Usha. 

Hart, George.  1975.  The Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts.  Berkeley: U. of California Press.

Hart, George, ed. and trans.  1979.  Poets of the Tamil Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War.  Princeton: Princeton U. Press.

Hart, George.  1986.  “The Manikkuravan Story: From Ritual to Entertainment.”  In Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India, S. Blackburn and A. K. Ramanujan, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 233-264.

Hart, George and Hank Heifetz, eds. and trans.  1999.  The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil.  New York: Columbia U. Press. 

Harper, Edward.  1957.  “Shamanism in South India.”  Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 13: 267-87.

Hiltebeitel, Alf.  1988.  The Cult of Draupadi.  Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. 

Hiltebeitel, Alf.  1999.  Rethinking India’s Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits.  Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. 

Hockings, Paul.  1978.  A Bibliography for the Nilgiri Hills of Southern India.  New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. 

Hockings, Paul.  1980.  Ancient Hindu Refugees: Badaga Social History, 1550-1975.  New Delhi: Vikas. 

Hockings, Paul.  1980.  Sex and Disease in a Mountain Community.  Sahibabad, Dist. Ghaziabad: Vikas. 

Hockings, Paul.  1988.  Counsel from the Ancients: A Study of Badaga Proverbs, Prayers, Omens, and Curses.  Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 

Hockings, Paul, ed.  1989.  Blue Mountains: The Ethnography and Bio-geography of a South Indian Region.  Delhi: Oxford U. Press.

Hockings, Paul, ed.  1996.  Bibliographie Générale sur les Monts Nilgiri de l'Inde du Sud 1603-1996.   Talence: DYMSET, Universite Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux 3. 

Hockings, Paul, ed.  1997.  Blue Mountains Revisited: Cultural Studies on the Nilgiri Hills.  Delhi: Oxford U. Press. 

Hockings, Paul.  1999.  Kindreds of the Earth: Badaga Household Structure and Demography.  Walnut Creek, Cal.: AltaMira Press. 

Honko, Lauri.  1998.  The Siri Epic, As Performed by Gopala Naika, I and II.  Folklore Fellows, vols. 265 and 266.  Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

Honko, Lauri, ed.  2000.  Textualization of Oral Epics.  Berlin: M. de Gruyter.

Induchudan, V. T.  1969.  The Secret Chamber.  Trichur, Kerala: Cochin Devaswom Board. 

Irschick, Eugene.  1969.  Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929.  Berkeley: U. of California Press. 

Irschick, Eugene.  1986.  Tamil Revivalism in the 1930s.  Madras: Cre-A.

Irschick, Eugene.  1994.  Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895.  Berkeley: U. of California Press. 

Jhala, Jayasinhji.  1997.  “Speculations on the Concept of Indic Frontality Prompted by Questions On Portraiture.”  Visual Anthropology 10: 49-66. 

Kailasapathy, K.  1968.  Tamil Heroic Poetry.  Oxford: Clarendon Press. 

Kailasapathy, K.  1968.  “Tamil Heroic Poetry: A Comparative Study.”  In his On Art and Literature, Madras: New Century Book House Private Ltd, pp. 69-76.

Kapadia, Karin.  1995.  Siva and her Sisters: Gender, Caste, and Class in Rural South India.  Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Kurien, C. T.  1981.  Dynamics of Rural Transformation: A Study of Tamil Nadu, 1950-1975.  New Delhi: Orient Longman. 

Kersenboom-Story, Saskia.  1987.  Nityasumangal¯i: Devadasi Tradition in South India.  Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 

Lewis, I. M.  1989 (1971).  Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism.  London: Routledge. 

Lewis, I. M.  1998.  “Male Control of Women’s Spirits.”  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4(3): 551-3.  [Commentary on Isabelle Nabakov’s “Expel the Lover, Recover the Wife: Symbolic Analysis of a South Indian Exorcism,” JRAI 3(2): 297-316; includes her reply.]

Ludden, David.  1973.  “The Songs and Revolution of Subramania Bharathi.”   In Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia, Kathleen Gough and Hari P. Sharma, eds., New York: Monthly Review Press, pp. 267-290. 

Lutgendorf, Philip.  1990.  “Ramayan: The Video.”  The Drama Review 126 (Summer): 127-76.

Lutz, Catherine, and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds.  1990.  Language and the Politics of Emotion.  Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press. 

Lutz, Catherine, and Geoffrey White.  1986.  “The Anthropology of Emotions.”  Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 405-36.

Madan, T. N.  1994.  Pathways: Approaches to the Study of Society in India.  Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Macphail, Richard.  1993.  “Injustice, Ananku, and Apotheosis in Cilappatikaram.”  Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies 11(1) (Sept.):16-35.

Mandelbaum, David G.  1941.  “Culture Change among the Nilgiri Tribes.”  American Anthropologist 43 (1): 19-26. 

Mandelbaum, David G.  1955.  “The World and World View of the Kota.”  In Village India: Studies in the Little Community, McKim Marriott, ed., Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, pp. 223-54. 

Mandelbaum, David G.  1989.  “The Kotas in Their Social Setting.”  In Blue Mountains: The Ethnography and Bio-geography of a South Indian Region, Paul Hockings, ed., Delhi: Oxford U. Press, pp. 144-85. 

Marcus, George.  1995.  “Ethnography In/Of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-sited Ethnography.”  Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 95-117.

Marriott, McKim, ed.  1955.  Village India: Studies in the Little Community.  Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.

Moffatt, Michael.  1979.  An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus.  Princeton: Princeton University Press

Moreno, Manuel.  1984.  “God’s Forceful Call: Possession as a Divine Strategy.”  In Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India, J. Waghorne, J. Punzo, N. Cutler, and V. Narayanan, eds., Chambersburg, PA: Anima, pp. 103-20. 

Mundkur, Balaji.  1983.  The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins.  Albany: State U. of New York Press.

Muthiah, I.  2000.  Personal communication.

Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.  2000.  “Let Us Break the Lines.”  Indian Folklife (quarterly newsletter from India’s National Folklore Support Centre) 1:1 (April): 3-4. 

Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.  2000.  “Of Urban Poor and Multiple Orderings of Diversity.”  Indian Folklife 1(2) (July): 3-4.

Nabakov, Isabelle.  1995.  “Who are You?”: Spirit Discourse in a Tamil World.  Dissertation, U. of California, Berkeley. 

Nabakov, Isabelle.  1996.  “When the Dead Become Brides, Gods, and Gold: Marriage Symbolism in a Tamil Household Ritual.”  Journal of Ritual Studies 10: 113-133. 

Nabakov, Isabelle.  1998.  “Expel the Lover, Recover the Wife: Symbolic Analysis of a South Indian Exorcism.”  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3(2): 297-316. 

Nabakov, Isabelle.  2000.  Religion against the Self: An Ethnography of Tamil Rituals.  Oxford: Oxford U. Press. 

Nagaraju, S.  1990.  “Prehistory of South India.”  In South Indian Studies, H. M. Nayak and B. R. Gopal, eds., Mysore: Geetha Book House, pp. 35-52. 

Narayan, Kiran.  1993.  “Banana Republics and V. I. Degrees: Rethinking Indian Folklore in a Postcolonial World.”  Asian Folklore Studies 52: 177-204. s

Narayan, Kiran, and Urmila Devi Sood.  1997.  Mondays on the Dark Side of the Moon: Himalayan Foothill Folktales.  New York: Oxford U. Press. 

Nayagam, Xavier S. Thani.  1997 (1966).  Landscape and Poetry: A Study of Nature in Classical Tamil Poetry.  Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.

Nayak, H. M., and B. R. Gopal, eds.  1990.  South Indian Studies.  Mysore: Geetha Book House. 

Neff, Deborah.  1995.  Fertility and Power in Kerala Serpent Worship.  Dissertation, U. of Wisconsin, Madison.

Noble, Sally Ann.  1990.  The Tamil Story of the Anklet: Classical and Contemporary Tellings of “Cilappatikaram.”  Dissertation, U. of Chicago. 

Obeyesekere, Gananath.  1980.  “The Goddess Pattini: A Jaina-Buddhist Deity.”  In Buddhist Studies in Honour of Walpola Rahula, London: Gordon Fraser, pp. 185-200. 

Obeyesekere, Gananath.  1984.  The Cult of the Goddess Pattini.  Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. 

Pandian, Jacob.  1982.  "The Goddess Kannagi: A Dominant Symbol of South Indian Tamil Society."  In Mother Worship: Theme and Variations, James Preston, ed., Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press, pp. 177-191. 

Pandian, Jacob.  1987.  Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order.  Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 

Pandian, M. S. S.  1992.  The Image Trap: M. G. Ramachandran in Film and Politics.  New Delhi: Sage. 

R. Parthasarathy, trans.  1993.  The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India.  New York: Columbia U. Press.

Pawley, Andrew, and Malcolm Ross.  1993.  “Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History.”  Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 425-459.

Peterson, Indira.  1988.  “The Tie that Binds: Brothers and Sisters in North and South India.”  South Asian Social Scientist 4 (1): 25-52. 

Prasad, Leela.  1998.  Scripture and Strategy: Narrative and the Poetics of Appropriate Conduct in Sringeri, South India.  Dissertation, U. of Pennsylvania. 

Ram, Kalpana.  1992.  Mukkuvar Women: Gender, Hegemony, and Capitalist Transformation in a South Indian Fishing Community.  New Delhi: Kali for Women. 

Ramanujan, A. K., ed. and trans.  1984.  Poems of Love and War, From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil.  New York: Columbia U. Press.

Ramanujan, A. K.  1986.  “Two Realms of Kannada Folklore.”  In Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India, S. Blackburn and A. K. Ramanujan, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 41-75.

Ramanujan, A. K., ed. and trans.  1994.  The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology.  Bloomington, Indiana U. Press.

Ramanujan, A. K.  1999.  The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan.  New Delhi: Oxford U. Press. 

Ramaswamy, Sumathi.  1997.  Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970.  Berkeley: U. of California Press.

Ramaswamy, Sumathi.  1999.  “Catastrophic Cartographies: Mapping the Lost Continent of Lemuria.”  Representations 67 (Summer):92-129. 

Rao, B. K. Gururaja.  1990.  “Racial Background of South Indian History.”  In South Indian Studies, H. M. Nayak and B. R. Gopal, eds., Mysore: Geetha Book House, pp. 23-34. 

Ravindiran, V.  1996.  “The Unanticipated Legacy of Robert Caldwell and the Dravidian movement.”  South Indian Studies 1 (Jan.): 83-110. 

Redfield, Robert.  1956.  Peasant, Society, and Culture: An Anthropological Approach to Civilization.  Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.

Reynolds, Holly Baker.  1978.  To Keep the Tali Strong: Women's Rituals in Tamilnad, India.  Dissertation, U. of Wisconsin, Madison. 

Richman, Paula, ed.  1997.  Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre.  Honolulu: U. of Hawaii Press. 

Rivers, W. H. R.  1906.  The Todas.  London, New York: Macmillan and Co. 

Ryerson, Charles A.  1988.  Regionalism and Religion: The Tamil Renaissance and Popular Hinduism.  Madras: Christian Literature Society. 

Sakthivel, S. 1976.  Phonology of Toda with Vocabulary.  Annamalainagar: Annamalai U. Press.

Sakthivel, S. 1977.  A Grammar of the Toda Language.  Annamalainagar: Annamalai U. Press.

Sakthivel, S.  1988.  “Folklore Study in Tamil Nadu: Retrospective and Prospective.”  In Folklore of India: Commonness and Comparisons, K. Karunakaran and J. Handoo, eds., Coimbatore: Bharathiar U. Press. pp. 20-53. 

Schneider, David, and Kathleen Gough, eds.  1974 (1961).  Matrilineal Kinship.  Berkeley: U. of California Press.

Shulman, David.  1986.  “Battle as Metaphor in Tamil Folk and Classical Traditions.”  In Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India, S. Blackburn and A. K. Ramanujan, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 105-130.

Seizer, Susan.  1997.  Dramatic License: Negotiating Stigma on and off the Tamil Popular Stage.  Dissertation, U. of Chicago. 

Shulman, David Dean.  1980.  Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition.  Princeton: Princeton U. Press.

Shulman, David Dean.  1985.  The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry.  Princeton: Princeton U. Press. 

Singer, Milton, and Bernard S. Cohn, eds.  1968.  Structure and Change in Indian Society.  Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.

Singer, Milton.  1972.  When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization.  New York: Praeger. 

Srinivas, M. N.  1952.  Religion and Society Among the Coorgs.  Oxford: Clarendon.

Stephen, G.  “Orality of Popular Culture.”  South Indian Folklorist 2(2): 33-56.

Subramanian, A., ed.  1978.  New Dimensions in the Study of Tamil Culture: 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume of Prof. N. Vanamamalai, M.A., L.T.  Madras: Makkal Pathippakam. 

Swaminathan, S.  1974.  Karunanidhi: Man of Destiny.  New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press. 

Thurston, Edgar.  1975 (1909).  Castes and Tribes of Southern India, seven volumes.  Delhi: Cosmo.

Toussaint, Auguste.  1966.  History of the Indian Ocean.  June Guicharnaud, trans., London: Routledge and K. Paul.

Trawick (Egnor), Margaret.  1978.  The Sacred Spell and Other Conceptions of Life in Tamil Culture.  Dissertation, U. of Chicago.

Trawick (Egnor), Margaret.  1983.  “The Changed Mother, or What the Smallpox Goddess Did When There Was No More Smallpox.”  Contributions to Asian Studies 18: 24-45. 

Trawick (Egnor), Margaret.  1986.  “Internal Iconicity in Paraiyar ‘Crying Songs.’”  In Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India, Stuart Blackburn and A. K. Ramanujan, eds., Berkeley: U. of California Press, pp. 294-344.

Trawick, Margaret.  1988.  “Spirits and Voices in Tamil Songs.”  American Ethnologist 15(2): 193-215. 

Trawick, Margaret.  1990a.  Notes on Love in a Tamil Family.  Berkeley: U. of California Press. 

Trawick, Margaret.  1990b.  “Untouchability and the Fear of Death in a Tamil Song.”  In Language and the Politics of Emotion, Catherine Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, pp. 186-206. 

Trawick, Margaret.  1991.  “Wandering Lost: A Landless laborer’s Sense of Place and Self.”  In Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions, Arjun Appadurai, Frank Korom, and Margaret Mills, eds., Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 224-266.

Varadarajan, M.  1970.  “The Influence of Folklore on Tamil Literature.”  Annals of Oriental Research (University of Madras) 23(1): 1-17. 

Vanamamalai, N., ed.  1969.  Studies in Tamil Folk Literature: Collection of Papers Read in International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies I and II.  Madras, New Century Book House. 

Vanamamalai, N.  1981.  Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations.  Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association. 

Vanamamalai, N.  1990.  “Tamil Folk Ballads with Social Themes.”  In South Indian Studies, H. M. Nayak and B. R. Gopal, eds., Mysore: Geetha Book House, pp. 981-7. 

Venugopal, Saraswathi.  1996.  Folkoristic Refractions in the Tamil World.  Madurai: Tamarai Publishers.

Venugopal, Saraswathi.  1996.  “Folksongs as Reflections of Social Context.”  In her Folkloristic Refractions in the Tamil World, Madurai: Tamarai Publishers, pp. 104-113 

Wadley, Susan, ed.  1980.  The Powers of Tamil Women.  Syracuse: Syracuse U. Press.

Waghorne, Joanne Punzo, Norman Cutler, and Vasudha Narayanan, eds.  1984.  Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India.  Chambersburg, PA: Anima. 

Waghorne, Joanne Punzo.  1989.  “From Robber Baron to Royal Servant of God?: Gaining a Divine Body in South India."  In Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism, Alf Hiltebeitel, ed., Albany, State U. of New York Press, pp. 405-26. 

Walker, Anthony.  1986.  The Todas of South India: A New Look.  Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation.

Whitehead, Henry.  1976 (1921).  The Village Gods of South India.  Delhi: Sumit Publications. 

Wolf, Richard K.  1997a.  Of God and Death: Music in Ritual and Everyday Life: A Musical Ethnography of the Kotas of South India.  Dissertation, U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 

Wolf, Richard.  1997b.  “Rain, God, and Unity Among the Kotas.”  In Blue Mountains Revisited: Cultural Studies on the Nilgiri Hills, Paul Hockings, ed., Delhi: Oxford U. Press, pp. 231-92.

Wolf, Richard.  2000a.  “Mourning Songs and Human Pasts Among the Kotas of South India.”  Asian Music, vol. 32, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 2000/2001): 141-183.

Wolf, Richard.  2000b.  “Three Perspectives on Music and the Idea of Tribe in India.”  Asian Music, vol. 32, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 2000/2001): 4-34.

Zvelebil, Kamil.  1975.  Tamil Literature.  Leiden: Brill.

Zvelebil, Kamil.  1986.  Literary Conventions in Akam Poetry.  Madras: Institute of Asian Studies

Zvelebil, Kamil.  1988.  The Irulas of the Blue Mountains.  Syracuse: Syracuse U. Press.
 

***